Introduction to 8086 Microprocessor Architecture

The 8086 microprocessor, developed by Intel in 1978, was a groundbreaking 16-bit processor that laid the foundation for modern computing. It introduced significant advancements over its predecessors, such as improved instruction sets, pipelining, and memory segmentation. The 8086 architecture became the basis for the x86 architecture, which still dominates the computing industry today.

• The 8086 microprocessor works as a complex instruction set computer (CISC) because its instruction set includes different commands that can do more than one thing with just one instruction. 
• With its 20-bit address bus, the 8086 processor obtains memory access up to 1 MB, while its 16-bit data bus enables data movement between the processor and memory and I/O resources.
• Memory segments in the 8086 microprocessor require both a segment register and an offset for address retrieval.
•  Each segment begins at its designated address through the segment register before moving to a specific byte by utilizing the offset as its reference point. 
• The 8086 microprocessor can handle elevated memory quantities using its 16-bit data bus structure.

An 8086 microprocessor contains two primary execution units : the execution unit (EU) together with the bus interface unit (BIU). Until the Execution Unit (EU) does the actual instruction execution, the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) is in charge of getting memory instructions and decoding them. The BIU controls data movement that occurs between the microprocessor and memory and input-output devices.

There are a lot of register functions in the 8086 microprocessor. These include 

1. general-purpose storage areas, 
2. segment storage, and 
3. specific storage units. 

All registers present in the 8086 operate in two distinct ways: General-purpose registers can store data and run mathematical functions. Segment registers, on the other hand, let you directly access memory segments. Special registers consist of two primary components known as the flags register and instruction pointer, which function as status information memory and next instruction address, respectively.

Architecture of 8086 or Functional Block diagram of 8086  

 8086 has two blocks Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU). 

 The BIU performs all bus operations such as instruction fetching, reading and writing operands for memory and calculating the addresses of the memory operands. The instruction bytes are transferred to the instruction queue. 

 EU executes instructions from the instruction system byte queue.  

 Both units operate asynchronously to give the 8086 an overlapping instruction fetch and execution mechanism which is called as Pipelining. This results in efficient use of the system bus and system performance. 

 BIU contains Instruction queue, Segment registers, Instruction pointer, Address adder. 

 EU contains Control circuitry, Instruction decoder, ALU, Pointer and Index register, Flag register.   

Advantages of Architecture of 8086:

The architecture of the 8086 microprocessor provides several advantages, including:

1. Wide range of instructions: The 8086 microprocessor supports a wide range of instructions, allowing programmers to write complex programs that can perform many different operations.
2. Segmented memory architecture: The segmented memory architecture allows the 8086 microprocessor to address large amounts of memory, up to 1 MB, while still using a 16-bit data bus.
3. Powerful instruction set: The instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor includes many powerful instructions that can perform multiple operations in a single instruction, reducing the number of instructions needed to perform a given task.
4. Multiple execution units: The 8086 microprocessor has two main execution units, the execution unit and the bus interface unit, which work together to efficiently execute instructions and manage data transfer.
5. Rich set of registers: The 8086 microprocessor has a rich set of registers, including general-purpose registers, segment registers, and special registers, allowing programmers to efficiently manipulate data and control program flow.
6. Backward compatibility: The architecture of the 8086 microprocessor is backward compatible with earlier 8-bit microprocessors, allowing programs written for these earlier microprocessors to be easily ported to the 8086 microprocessor.

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